====== What is science? ======

According  to the definition we call science the provable and fact-proof system of the objective relations of nature, society and thinking.

But according to different wording, science is what we can sense or measure with our five sensory organs. Science seeks new information, facts and answers related to our world or universe.

Science has been highlighted because of the following criteria from our historically established social forms of consciousness:

1. they possess high-reaching concepts or logical tools that can formulate or express broad, general or universal principles or laws.

2. they possess the required logical tools or methods that can helps us to calculate or predict results in given circumstances

3. they can describe the objective conditions under which these principles or laws will certainly prevail.

===== Inductive Sciences =====

According to law, conditions (circumstances), and results (these three general aspects) we can categorize every scientific problem into the following problem groups.

Induction: the physical conditions are known, just like the results, and we are seeking for the general principle. this is the classical type of experimental physics problem.

{{:tanszek:oktatas:techcomm:information_-_basics:pasted:20231026-195442.png}}

**Explanation:**

Induction is probably the most important logical method which is used by our scientists in order to draft out new theories or principles.

Induction is a generalizing method, which means that from a given set of data, with fixed conditions, we are seeking a universal or general law. A very well-known example for the use of this method is the Mendelian laws of inheritance.

The biggest problem with this method is whether we have (or have not) carried out a sufficient number of observations to arrive at a general conclusion.

In natural sciences we are always dealing with partial induction. The more experiments we do, the more our confidence and the better our chances will be to understand the connections.

Our confidence is based on the premise that nature itself behaves consistently.

The so-called complete induction which is used in mathematical problems will bypass any kind of these problems.

Bonus content: jurisdiction, and the whole legislative process is based on this inductive method. It analyses social problems (and their different types), seeks for their causes and then makes new laws as a conclusion.

===== Deductive Sciences =====

**Deduction**:  the general principles and conditions are known and we are seeking several expected results. This is a typical example for theoretical physics.

**Explanation:**

Deduction must solve the initial, boundary or edge requirements set by various differential equations.

This deductive method is the core of the so-called pure mathematics, where the theories are built from deductive results explicitly derived from axioms (just like in Euclidean geometry).

Then they take the results as principles if there a logically valid inference chain which has been derived from the axioms.

These deductive results will provide solid proofs that can never be achieved by inductive methods  (assuming that the axioms are consistent).

These deductive results will provide so solid proofs that can never be achieved by inductive methods.  (assuming that the axiomes are consistent)

{{:tanszek:oktatas:techcomm:information_-_basics:pasted:20231026-195927.png}}

However, deductive logic cannot confirm whether a statement in the chain was true or not.

Logic can only state that if the premises are true (and consistent) and the arguments are logically correct, then the results will be true. too.

Bonus Content:

Janos Bolyai – a famous Hungarian mathematician – writes in a letter to his father:

’I have created a new and different world from scratch.’ He reached the conclusion that by changing any part of the Euclidean principles a new world could be created. Nowadays we would call it a virtual world.

People in his era were not really convinced by his theories, but today we know that our world is one of those which are based on different Euclidean geometrical principles.

===== Reductive Sciences =====

The main principles and the results are known and we are seeking the appropriate conditions which can realize our goals.


Explanation: these type of tasks are typical examples of technical sciences.  However, sadly the solution cannot be inverted from the end results, therefore there can be an infinite number of terms which can get us to the known results. In this case we have to accept a few  possibilities (or more usually only one). We usually get to this term in heuristic ways.

We can face another interpretation of reduction in the classification of elementary scientific problems (the so-called ’Trinity’ of sciences).


In this case our main task is to reduce the number of possible solutions in a reasonable way.